What is Vroom’s Expectancy Theory?

Vroom’s expectancy theory assumes that behavior results from conscious choices among alternatives whose purpose it is to maximize pleasure and to minimize pain. Expectancy Theory proposes that people will choose how to behave depending on the outcomes they expect as a result of their behavior. In other words, we decide what to do based on what we expect the outcome to be. Expectancy theory has a formula of M = E * I * V or Motivation = Expectancy * Instrumentality * Valence. Motivation is the amount a person will be motivated by the situation they find themselves in. It is a function of the following. Expectancy is the person’s perception that effort will result in performance. In other words, the person’s assessment of the degree to which effort actually correlates with performance. Instrumentality is the person’s perception that performance will be rewarded or punished. Valence is the perceived strength of the reward or punishment that will result from the performance. If the reward is small, the motivation will be small, even if expectancy and instrumentality are both perfect.

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