How does the Arab government maximize its mass media and journalism?

The history of Arab news reflects a diversity of competing approaches and conceptualizations of what journalism communicates, and how, despite the absence of functioning democracies, news outlets are used by governments and audiences to construct, negotiate, and contest collective ideas about religion, the nation-state, citizenship, and modernity. The ways different political actors in the Arab region conceptualized journalism throughout its modern history shows the instability and the dramatic changes it has undergone and reflects unsettled deeply rooted anxieties regarding identity. The story of Arab journalism experiences is hybrid as journalists balance their desire for change with di cult structural political and economic constraints. Following the independence of Arab countries in the early to mid-20th century, Arab journalism was subjected to the control of authoritarian regimes in the majority of Arab countries. Most Arab governments became the main actors in using journalism as the vehicle for their control over society and for attempts to shape national identities, articulate policies, and mobilize and control their populations.

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